莫名堂觀察：國民警衛隊走上街頭

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通常，國民警衛隊（National Guard）走上街頭，都是某地出現緊急狀態的時候。而在當下美國的幾個大城市，如洛杉磯、華盛頓DC，國民警衛隊卻走上街頭維護治安，總統特朗普甚至揚言，很快會在芝加哥、巴爾的摩等大城市部署國民警衛隊。

人們不禁要問：維護治安，難道不是地方當局的責任？當地警察干什么吃的？很顯然，在特朗普政府看來，這些大城市的治安已經嚴重到當地警力無法對付的程度，因而才在沒有“受邀”的情況下，由聯邦政府派出國民警衛隊來“長臂管轄”。對此，特朗普政府的批評者就指責政府越權。我們先來看一篇美聯社的原文報道：

Democratic governors urge Trump to drop plans to send troops to their cities

A letter from the Democratic Governors Association comes amid Trump threats to send troops to Chicago.

Armed National Guard soldiers from West Virginia patrol the Mall.

President Donald Trump has deployed troops to Washington and Los Angeles and threatened to send them other cities led by Democrats in what he has portrayed as an effort to address violent crime, though the soldiers have done little in the way of law enforcement and overall criminality has declined in the U.S. | J. Scott Applewhite/AP

By Gregory Svirnovskiy

08/28/2025 07:25 PM EDT

Democratic governors are urging President Donald Trump to back off his threats to deploy National Guard troops in cities led by his political opponents across the country.

A letter signed by most of the nation’s Democratic governors argues that Trump’s deployment of soldiers ostensibly to aid in civilian law enforcement is unnecessary and illegal.

“Whether it’s Illinois, Maryland and New York or another state tomorrow, the President’s threats and efforts to deploy a state’s National Guard without the request and consent of that state’s governoris an alarming abuse of power, ineffective, and undermines the mission of our service members,” they said in the letter, organized by the Democratic Governors Association.

Trump has deployed troops to Washington and Los Angeles and threatened to send them to Chicago and other cities led by Democrats in what he has portrayed as an effort to address violent crime, though the soldiers have done little in the way of law enforcement and overall criminality has declined in the U.S.

Trump made Washington the face of his crime crackdown in mid-August, taking control of the district’s police force and sending in the National Guard. The president has also floated plans to send the National Guard to Chicago, telling reporters at the Oval Office on Monday that it is “a killing field” and “disaster.”

California Gov. Gavin Newsom on Thursday announced a contrasting plan to send additional California Highway Patrol officers to several cities in the state to assist local law enforcement in addressing auto theft and drug crimes. Trump sent troops to Los Angeles in response to protests over the administration’s deportation agenda in June.

Chicago officials are preparing for the possible arrival of federal troops by dusting off plans they used for last year’s Democratic National Convention.

Four governors — Josh Green of Hawaii, Ned Lamont of Connecticut, Katie Hobbs of Arizona and Tim Walz of Minnesota — did not sign the letter.

“Every American deserves to feel safe in their neighborhood and community,” the governors wrote. “But instead of actually addressing crime, President Trump cut federal funding for law enforcement that states rely on and continues to politicize our military by trying to undermine the executive authority of Governors as Commanders in Chief of their state’s National Guard.”

White House spokesperson Abigail Jackson in a statement accused the Democrats of “doing publicity stunts,” and said their communities would be safer if they focused on combating crime instead of attacking the president.

“They should listen to fellow Democrat Mayor Muriel Bowser who recently celebrated the Trump Administration’s success in driving down violent crime in Washington DC,” she said.

上述報道的關鍵句子在于without the request and consent of that state’s governor（未受到該州州長的請求和同意）… undermine the executive authority of Governors as Commanders in Chief （削弱了州長們的行政權力）。特朗普政府有沒有越權，我們在此不深究。但我的判斷是，聯邦政府有權在州出現緊急情況時派國民警衛隊，但至于如何定義這個“緊急情況”，存在twilight zone。我之所以說不深究越沒有越權，在于這次特朗普政府大動干戈越俎代庖介入州內治安，一方面是這些大城市確實治安問題嚴重，而當地政府不作為，或是不積極作為。我們可以看到，出來指責政府越權的州都是藍州，即民主黨控制的州，而這些大城市，如紐約、洛杉磯、芝加哥、巴爾的摩無一不是由民主黨擔任市長的州。因此才有了所謂Democratic Governors Association（民主黨州長聯盟）出來叫板聯邦政府的事情。應該要問的問題是：為什么這些由民主黨人控制的州，治安問題這么嚴重？民主黨政府為何不對治安問題出重拳？這就涉及到美國兩黨治國治州的理念差異。簡單的邏輯鏈條是這樣的：民主黨倡導族群平等，在移民、難民等問題上表現積極，對奴役、壓制、隔離有色人種的歷史問題采取“自罰三杯”的贖罪舉動，愿意替祖宗下跪，即使矯枉過正也在所不惜，在這些州出現對犯罪，尤其是有色人種犯罪的姑息，投鼠忌器、輕拿輕放也就不足為奇了。至于一些媒體報道說，總統本不應該對此張大其詞，理由是，最近一段時期以來，這些州的犯罪比例已有大幅下降。從數字看，可能是這么回事，但從實際體驗看，不見得。這些大城市我都去過，有的不止一次兩次，在公共區域，能明顯感覺不安全，總擔心在地鐵上、在馬路上，某些人群會突然向你沖過來從而發生不測。在堂堂的世界級名校芝加哥大學校園內，三步五步就是一個報警崗，如果沒有治安問題，何至于如此？難怪芝加哥被稱為謀殺之都（murder capital）。自媒體的存在，也揭示出主流媒體報道刻意回避的問題，這些問題都指向了美國大城市治安堪憂的圖景。數字會騙人，表明上看，犯罪數字在下降，但是要知道，民主黨控制的州，是可以控制（比如說調低）立案標準的，比如加州2014年公投通過的47號提案（Proposition 47），大多數盜竊罪（Theft）只有在被盜財物價值超過950美元時，才能按重罪（Felony）起訴。如果價值在950美元及以下，通常只能按輕罪（Misdemeanor）處理。如此以來，犯罪數量的下降也可以調節，只看數字，會被唬住。

另一方面，秩序（order）是特朗普代表的共和黨的傳統主張，相對于民主黨的自由（liberal），對大眾依然有感召力。特朗普在這個時候出重拳整治大城市的治安，也在于謀求撼動民主黨的選票基礎。畢竟，人身安全事關每一個人，犯罪分子不會因為你的投票傾向而有選擇性地犯罪，即使對于民主黨選民，他們一樣是關心自身安全的。因此，特朗普此舉，大概率會收復一些人心，從政治層面對他的政府也是有利的。

不過，也要看到，長期部署國民警衛隊也不現實，畢竟，國民警衛隊不是全職執法隊伍，這是一支在美國獨立戰爭時期成長起來的、以各地民兵組織（militia）為基礎的治安執法隊伍。他們的本質是預備役，成員都有各自的全職工作，作警衛隊成員只是他們的副業（part time）。長時期、大規模地部署在美國大城市，勢必引發財政壓力，難以為繼。我估計，一陣疾風暴雨之后，還得由當地警力接手來回歸日常。就怕一陣風后故態復萌。說到底，一切都是政治。

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